ASU scientists keep an eye on Martian dust storm
Scientists at ASU’s Mars Space Flight Facility are using the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on NASA’s Mars Odyssey orbiter to monitor a large dust storm on the Red Planet.
The instrument, a multiwavelength camera sensitive to five visible wavelengths and 10 infrared ones, is providing Mars scientists and spacecraft controllers with global maps that track how much atmospheric dust is obscuring the planet.
The dust storm, which erupted during the last week of June, is affecting operations for all five spacecraft operating at Mars. The fleet includes two NASA rovers on the ground (Spirit and Opportunity), plus three orbiters, two of which belong to NASA (Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) and one to the European Space Agency (Mars Express).
Beginning in the equatorial region west of Meridiani Planum, the storm moved into the heavily cratered southern highlands. It took roughly a week to grow large enough to spread around the planet south of the equator. Dust has now drifted into the northern hemisphere as well.
“This is the favorable time of the Martian year for dust storms,” says Joshua Bandfield, research associate at the Mars Space Flight Facility.
The facility is part of the School of Earth and Space Exploration in ASU’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.
“It’s summer in the southern hemisphere,” he says. “That’s when Mars lies closest to the sun and solar heating is greatest. We can watch weather fronts spreading and kicking up dust in a big way.”
Bandfield says that as winds sweep dust into the atmosphere, the atmosphere becomes warmer. This adds to the storm’s power, helping it to pick up more dust.
But the process has a built-in limitation, he says.
“When the dust becomes thick enough, it reflects more sunlight from the atmosphere, allowing the air near the surface to cool,” Bandfield says.
As seen from orbit, the dust storm has the effect of veiling surface features – or even concealing them completely, which hasn’t happened yet in this event.
“This storm isn’t as big or severe as the one in 2001,” Bandfield says. “THEMIS and other orbiters can still see the surface, despite the continuing dust activity.”
From the ground, the dust in the air has cut the amount of sunlight reaching the rovers’ solar panels, thus reducing their electrical power.
“If you were standing there, you’d see the sky looking tawny with haze,” he says. “The sun would appear as a sharp-edged disk, but the light level would be noticeably lower than what you would see under a totally clear sky.”
Luckily, say scientists, summer is a time when the rovers can best survive under reduced power. If the storm had struck during local winter, the rovers might not get enough power during the day to stay alive through the cold Martian night.
How long will this storm last? No one knows for sure, but Bandfield notes its effects won’t disappear as quickly as the storm erupted.
“Mars will remain dusty for at least a couple months more,” he says.
Mars dust map images are available online at themis.asu.edu/dustmaps. At infrared wavelengths, the smallest details THEMIS can see on the surface are 330 feet (100 meters) wide. Philip Christensen, Regents’ Professor of geological sciences in ASU’s School of Earth and Space Exploration, is director of the Mars Space Flight Facility, as well as the designer and principal investigator for the THEMIS instrument.
The instrument, a multiwavelength camera sensitive to five visible wavelengths and 10 infrared ones, is providing Mars scientists and spacecraft controllers with global maps that track how much atmospheric dust is obscuring the planet.
The dust storm, which erupted during the last week of June, is affecting operations for all five spacecraft operating at Mars. The fleet includes two NASA rovers on the ground (Spirit and Opportunity), plus three orbiters, two of which belong to NASA (Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) and one to the European Space Agency (Mars Express).
Beginning in the equatorial region west of Meridiani Planum, the storm moved into the heavily cratered southern highlands. It took roughly a week to grow large enough to spread around the planet south of the equator. Dust has now drifted into the northern hemisphere as well.
“This is the favorable time of the Martian year for dust storms,” says Joshua Bandfield, research associate at the Mars Space Flight Facility.
The facility is part of the School of Earth and Space Exploration in ASU’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.
“It’s summer in the southern hemisphere,” he says. “That’s when Mars lies closest to the sun and solar heating is greatest. We can watch weather fronts spreading and kicking up dust in a big way.”
Bandfield says that as winds sweep dust into the atmosphere, the atmosphere becomes warmer. This adds to the storm’s power, helping it to pick up more dust.
But the process has a built-in limitation, he says.
“When the dust becomes thick enough, it reflects more sunlight from the atmosphere, allowing the air near the surface to cool,” Bandfield says.
As seen from orbit, the dust storm has the effect of veiling surface features – or even concealing them completely, which hasn’t happened yet in this event.
“This storm isn’t as big or severe as the one in 2001,” Bandfield says. “THEMIS and other orbiters can still see the surface, despite the continuing dust activity.”
From the ground, the dust in the air has cut the amount of sunlight reaching the rovers’ solar panels, thus reducing their electrical power.
“If you were standing there, you’d see the sky looking tawny with haze,” he says. “The sun would appear as a sharp-edged disk, but the light level would be noticeably lower than what you would see under a totally clear sky.”
Luckily, say scientists, summer is a time when the rovers can best survive under reduced power. If the storm had struck during local winter, the rovers might not get enough power during the day to stay alive through the cold Martian night.
How long will this storm last? No one knows for sure, but Bandfield notes its effects won’t disappear as quickly as the storm erupted.
“Mars will remain dusty for at least a couple months more,” he says.
Mars dust map images are available online at themis.asu.edu/dustmaps. At infrared wavelengths, the smallest details THEMIS can see on the surface are 330 feet (100 meters) wide. Philip Christensen, Regents’ Professor of geological sciences in ASU’s School of Earth and Space Exploration, is director of the Mars Space Flight Facility, as well as the designer and principal investigator for the THEMIS instrument.